The influence of vineyard on wines was evaluated for the first time using a broader analytical approach: sensory analyses and several analytical techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC flame ionization detection (FID), GC-olfactometry-Osme technique (GC-O-Osme), GC × GC-MS), taking into account odoriferous compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Sensory attributes were correlated to the concentration of volatiles and also to favorable climate/solar exposition, less clayey/lower organic matter soil, and lower vegetative growth of one out of five vineyards, C1. Among 30 coelutions in GC-MS, 12 involved some of the odoriferous volatiles and GC × GC-MS was required to elucidate their identities. Higher concentrations of ethyl propanoate and diacetyl (related with red fruits/aromatic intensity) and of acetoin (aroma of dry fruits, but coeluted with octanal in first dimension (1D), which presents green odor) were found in C1 wine. It was also correlated with positive appearance attributes, gustatory persistence, body, smell and taste harmony, as well as with higher concentrations of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and flavanols.

RESUMOObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento de porta-enxertos (PEs) de videira cultivados em níveis crescentes de Zn no solo e identificar variáveis fisiológicas que possam ser indicadoras do excesso de Zn no solo. Os PEs SO4, Paulsen1103, IAC572, IAC313 e 420A foram cultivados em vasos contendo solo e submetidos à adição de 0, 20, 40, 80 e 160 mg kg-1 de Zn. Avaliaram-se a matéria seca (MS), o teor de Zn na parte aérea e raízes, o índice de clorofila, a fluorescência mínima (Fo), a fluorescência máxima (Fm), o rendimento quântico máximo do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm), o rendimento quântico efetivo (Y-II) e a dissipação não fotoquímica (NPQ). O aumento da concentração de Zn no solo reduziu a MS em todos os PEs sendo que o IAC572 foi superior aos demais. A variação dos índices de clorofilas a e b foi pouco expressiva em relação aos níveis de Zn no solo mas permitiu identificar que o Paulsen 1103, 420A e SO4 são sensíveis à toxicidade de Zn e que o IAC572 e IAC313 não apresentaram sensibilidade nos níveis testados. Com a análise de fluorescência observou-se que o teor de Zn interfere negativamente sobre as variáveis Fo, Fm, Y-II e NPQ em todos os PEs, mostrando serem boas indicadoras para caracterizar a fitotoxidez do Zn.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the performance of grapevine rootstocks under increasing levels of Zn in the soil and to identify physiological variables that can be used as indicators of excess of Zn in the soil. The rootstocks SO4, Paulsen1103, IAC572, IAC313 and 420A were grown in pots containing soil, which received Zn doses of 0, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg kg-1 of soil. Dry matter (DM), Zn content in shoots and roots, chlorophyll index, initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Y-II) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were evaluated. The increase of Zn levels in the soil decreased DM in all rootstocks, and IAC572 was superior to the others. The variation in the indices of chlorophyll a and b had little expression in relation the soil Zn levels, but allowed identifying that the rootstocks Paulsen 1103, 420A and SO4 are sensitive to Zn toxicity and that IAC572 and IAC313 were not sensitive to the tested levels. Fluorescence analysis showed a negative effect of Zn contents on the variables Fo, Fm, Y-II and NPQ in all rootstocks, which proved to be good indicators of Zn phytotoxicity.

The cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril store large amounts of xyloglucan, a cell wall polysaccharide that is believed to serve as storage for the period of seedling establishment. During storage mobilisation, xyloglucan seems to be degraded by a continuous process that starts right after radicle protrusion and follows up to the establishment of photosynthesis. Here we show evidence that events related to the hydrolases activities and production (α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and xyloglucan endo-β-transglucosilase) as well as auxin, showed changes that follow the diurnal cycle. The period of higher hydrolases activities was between 6pm and 6am, which is out of phase with photosynthesis. Among the enzymes, α-xilosidase seems to be more important than β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase in the xyloglucan disassembling mechanism. Likewise, the sugars related with sucrose metabolism followed the rhythm of the hydrolases, but starch levels were shown to be practically constant. A high level of auxin was observed during the night, what is compatible with the hypothesis that this hormone would be one of the regulators of the whole process. The probable biological meaning of the existence of such a complex control mechanism during storage mobilisation is likely to be related to a remarkably high level of efficiency of carbon usage by the growing seedling of Hymenaea courbaril, allowing the establishment of very vigorous seedlings in the tropical forest.

Os vírus são capazes de induzir desordens metabólicas e estruturais nas células vegetais, as quais podem variar com a espécie viral e a suscetibilidade da planta. Neste enfoque, videiras (Vitis vinifera) com e sem sintomas de infecção viral, das cvs. Cabernet Franc e Cabernet Sauvignon, em dois vinhedos comerciais, foram avaliadas comparativamente quanto ao potencial fotossintético (fotossíntese de saturação luminosa, radiação de saturação, ponto de compensação de luz, taxa de respiração no escuro, rendimento quântico aparente, clorofilas total, a e b), quanto ao metabolismo de carbono foliar (açúcares solúveis totais e amido) e quanto a qualidade enológica da uva produzida (sólidos solúveis totais - ºBrix, densidade, pH e acidez total titulável no mosto - ATT; intensidade total da cor e índice de polifenóis totais na casca). Nas plantas sintomáticas foram detectados o Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) e o Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (RSPaV) pelo teste ELISA para seis vírus, os quais provocaram reduções significativas na clorofila e no potencial fotossintético, em ambas as cultivares. As folhas de plantas infectadas também apresentaram acúmulos significativos de carboidratos, caracterizando um bloqueio no transporte de carbono desses órgãos. Quanto à qualidade enológica da uva, no momento da colheita as plantas infectadas apresentaram uvas com nível de maturação significativamente menor, considerando todos os parâmetros tecnológicos do mosto (ºBrix, densidade, pH, ATT e polifenóis). De modo geral, destaca-se que estes vírus podem comprometer diretamente a capacidade produtiva e a qualidade da produção destas cultivares.

Viruses may induce metabolic and structural disarray in plant cells to varying degrees depending on viral species and plant susceptibility. With this focus, grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera) cvs. Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon, symptomless and showing symptoms of virus-infection, in two commercial vineyards were comparatively analyzed. The parameters were: 1. photosynthetic potential (light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, saturating light intensities, light compensation point, dark respiration rate, apparent quantum yield, chlorophyll a and b); 2. foliar carbon metabolism (total soluble sugars and starch), and 3. enologic quality of the produced grapes (total soluble solids - ºBrix, density, pH and titerable total acidity in the must; total color intensity and total polyphenols in berry skins) were recorded. In symptomatic plants Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) and Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (RSPaV) have been detected by ELISA carried out for six viruses. The virus infections induced significant reductions in chlorophyll content and in photosynthetic potential of both cultivars. Leaves of infected plants also showed significant accumulation of carbohydrates, suggesting a blockage of carbon transport out of these tissues. Concerning the enologic quality and based on technological parameters of the must (ºBrix, density, titerable total acidity and polyphenols), grapes of infected plants showed at harvest a significantly lower level of maturation. These viruses directly affect the productive capacity as well as the quality of the grapes produced by these cultivars.

A eficácia de três estirpes de Clonostachys rosea no controle do mofo cinzento (MC) em fúcsia (Fuchsia speciosa) foi comparada. Em experimento em estufa em Porto Alegre, RS, a incidência do MC foi reduzida em 40, 73 e 80% com a aplicação das estirpes GSAL, GFO4 e G8 de C. rosea, em 2004, e em 83, 89 e 94%, respectivamente, em 2005. Em experimentos em estufa comercial de mudas em Vacaria, RS, nos dois anos, as plantas foram aspergidas semanalmente com: (1) com água + espalhante adesivo (0,01%); (2) aplicação sequencial com clorotalonil, folpet, oxicloreto de cobre, mancozeb, iprodione e thiram, a partir de 26 dias do plantio; (3) suspensão de conídios da estirpe GFO4, 39 vezes a partir dos 26 dias do transplantio; e (4) suspensão de GFO4, 29 vezes a partir dos 61 dias do transplantio. A redução da incidência e da severidade do MC nos tratamentos com C. rosea se equivaleu ao com fungicidas, sem efeito na fotossíntese ou condutância estomática. O número de mudas obtidas de plantas tratadas com C. rosea e fungicidas foi superior à testemunha em 2005.

The efficacy of three strains of C. rosea in the control of Gray Mold (GM) in fuchsia was compared. In a greenhouse experiment conducted in Porto Alegre, RS, the incidence of GM was reduced by 40, 73, and 80% with application of strains GSAL, GFO4, and G8 in 2004, and by 83, 89 and 94%, respectively, in 2005. Other experiments were conducted in the same years in a commercial crop of fuchsia grown from cuttings in a greenhouse in Vacaria, RS. The plants were sprayed weekly, as follows, with: (1) water plus a wetting agent, 0.01% (control); (2) chlorothalonil, folpet, copper, mancozeb, iprodione, and thiram beginning at 26 days after transplanting; (3) a conidial suspension of strain GFO4 of C. rosea applied 39 times beginning at 26 days after transplanting, and (4) GF04 conidial suspensions applied 29 times beginning at 61 days after transplanting. C. rosea reduced the incidence and severity of GM to levels similar to those in the fungicide-treated plants, and did not affect photosynthesis or stomatic conductance. The number of cuttings obtained from plants treated with C. roseum and fungicides was higher than the control in 2005.

Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV) é o agente causal das "caneluras do tronco de Rupestris" da videira (Vitis spp.). Neste trabalho, um isolado de RSPaV, encontrado em videiras cv. Cabernet Franc no Rio Grande do Sul, foi estudado. O vírus foi detectado biologicamente, por enxertia em videira indicadora cv. Rupestris du Lot, em 26,2% das amostras avaliadas. A seqüência parcial do gene da replicase do RSPaV, isolado sul-brasileiro, com 831 nucleotídeos amplificados por RT-PCR e 276 aminoácidos deduzidos, apresentou maior identidade de nucleotídeos (98,1%) e aminoácidos deduzidos (99,6%), com dois isolados norte-americanos. O RSPaV estudado apresentou baixa homologia (37-41%) com outros vírus do gênero Foveavirus. A maioria das mudas de videira cv. C. Franc infetadas com RSPaV apresentou diminuição no potencial fotossintético (2,68 a 5,12 vezes) e aumento na taxa respiratória no escuro quando comparadas a mudas sadias, salientando os impactos que esse vírus pode proporcionar no potencial produtivo de videiras.

The Rupestris stem-pitting associated virus (RSPaV) is reported to cause stem pitting disease in grapevines (Vitis spp.). This work studies an RSPaV-isolate found infecting grapevine cv. C. Franc in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This isolate was detected biologically, by grafting on Rupestris du Lot grapevine indicator, in 26.2% of the analysed samples. The partial replicase gene sequence of the Southern Brazilian RSPaV isolate, with 831 nucleotides amplified by RT-PCR and 276 deduced amino acids, showed high identities of nucleotides (98.1%) and deduced amino acids (99.6%), with two RSPaV North American isolates. The RSPaV studied showed low homology (37-41%) with other members of the genus Foveavirus. Most of the virus-free rootstocks grafted with RSPaV infected scions showed photosynthetic potential reduction (2.68 to 5.12 times) and dark respiratory rate increase when compared to healthy ones, emphasizing the potential negative impact of this virus on grapevine production.

Em monoculturas, normalmente se observa uma variação de produção entre plantas, que pode estar ocorrendo desde o estabelecimento da população, pela habilidade competitiva destas. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de selecionar parâmetros de habilidade competitiva, durante o estabelecimento, que se relacionam com o potencial de produção, no final do desenvolvimento. Plantas de trigo (EMBRAPA 16) e aveia (UFRGS 15) foram cultivadas em canteiros e a campo, correlacionando-se parâmetros morfológicos, nos estádios de afilhamento e florescimento. No afilhamento, nossos resultados revelaram que o diâmetro do pseudocolmo e o desenvolvimento foliar foram os parâmetros mais relevantes na caracterização da habilidade competitiva, pela alta associação com a massa seca, independente da espécie e do ambiente. Nestas populações, a ordem com que as plantas emergiram foi inversamente relacionada com o estádio de desenvolvimento apical (para inflorescência) e com os parâmetros que definiram a habilidade competitiva. Esta habilidade de competição inicial foi diretamente relacionada com o tamanho e a potencialidade de produção (espiguetas por inflorescência) das plantas, no estádio de florescimento. Os resultados indicam que o potencial de produção individual pode ser estimado por medidas de parâmetros não destrutivos, da capacidade de competição, nos primeiros estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas.

Variation in production among plants is normally observed in monocultures and it can occur since the establishment of the populations by their competitive ability. This work was performed with the aim of selecting the parameters of competitive ability during the initial growth that are related to yield potential at the end of development. Plants of wheat (EMBRAPA 16) and oat (UFRGS 15) were grown on masons and field conditions and correlation among morphological parameters during the tillering and bloom stages were followed. During tillering, our results revealed that the pseudoculm diameter and leaf development were relevant to define the competitive ability by high correlation with dry mass, independently of species and environment. In these populations, the sequence of emergency of plants was inversely related to the apical development (to inflorescence) and to parameters that defined the competitive ability. This initial competitive ability was directly related to the size and yield potential (spikelets per inflorescence) of plants at the bloom stage. Our results indicate that the individual yield potential can be predicted by measurement of non destructive parameters of the competitive ability in the early stages of plant development.